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民法第643条

Definition and Formation of Mandate (委任) Contracts

委任の意義(委任契約の成立)

Plain-language explanation

Article 643 of the Civil Code defines how a "mandate" (委任) contract is formed. A mandate is a contract in which one party (the mandator/principal) asks another party (the mandatary/agent) to perform a "juridical act" — meaning an act that creates legal effects, such as entering into contracts, managing or disposing of property, or acting as an agent — and the mandatary agrees to do so. The key feature is that the subject matter must be a juridical act; if the request is merely for a factual task (like cleaning or transporting goods), it falls under "quasi-mandate" (準委任, governed by Article 656 which applies mandate rules by reference) or other contract types like employment or contract-for-work.

In practice, a mandate contract is formed simply by mutual agreement — no written document is legally required (it is a consensual contract). Once the request and acceptance align, a binding mandate exists under the Civil Code. That said, businesses typically formalize this in writing (e.g., an outsourcing agreement, retainer agreement, or power of attorney) to avoid disputes over scope and terms. Because mandates are built on trust, subsequent articles impose a duty of care (Art. 644) on the mandatary and allow either party to terminate the relationship at will (Art. 651).

This article underlies many everyday business arrangements: hiring a lawyer or tax accountant to handle legal or tax matters, delegating authority to a company director or agent, appointing a real estate agent to negotiate a sale, or issuing a proxy (委任状) for shareholder voting rights. Importantly, even if a contract is titled "service outsourcing agreement" (業務委託契約), if its substance involves delegating a juridical act, Japanese courts will treat it as a mandate under the Civil Code, triggering the rules in Article 643 and beyond — including duties of care and rights of termination that parties may not have anticipated.

日本語での解説

民法第643条は「委任」という契約がどのように成立するかを定めた条文です。委任とは、ある人(委任者)が法律行為(契約の締結、財産の管理・処分、代理行為など、法的効果を発生させる行為)を行うことを、他の人(受任者)に頼み、受任者がそれを引き受けることによって成立する契約です。ポイントは、委任の対象が「法律行為」であることです。単なる事実行為(掃除や運搬など)を頼む契約は「委任」ではなく「準委任」または「請負」「雇用」など別の契約類型として扱われます(民法656条で準委任に委任の規定が準用されます)。

実務上、委任契約は口約束でも成立します(諾成契約)。書面がなくても、依頼と承諾の意思表示が合致すれば法律上有効な委任契約が成立します。ただし、後日のトラブル防止のため、業務委託契約書や顧問契約書などの形で書面化するのが一般的です。委任契約は「信頼関係」を基礎とするため、受任者には善管注意義務(644条)が課され、委任者・受任者双方はいつでも解除できる(651条)などの特殊なルールが続く条文に定められています。

ビジネスの現場では、弁護士・税理士への業務依頼、会社の代理人・取締役への職務委任、不動産の売買代理、株主総会の議決権行使の委任状など、幅広い場面で委任契約が使われます。契約書のタイトルが「業務委託契約」であっても、内容が法律行為の委託であれば民法上は委任契約として扱われ、本条以下の規定が適用される点に注意が必要です。

Common scenarios

  • ▸企業が弁護士・税理士・社労士に法律行為の代理や手続きを依頼する場合
  • ▸会社が取締役や執行役に業務執行を委任する場合(会社法330条により委任の規定が準用)
  • ▸不動産会社に売買・賃貸の代理・媒介を依頼する場合
  • ▸株主が委任状(プロキシー)を用いて議決権行使を代理人に委託する場合
  • ▸個人が財産管理や契約締結を第三者(成年後見人・任意代理人等)に委ねる場合

Related statutes

  • 民法第644条(受任者の注意義務)"
  • "民法第651条(委任の解除)"
  • "民法第656条(準委任)"
  • "会社法第330条(取締役の委任関係)

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Definition and Formation of Mandate (委任) Contracts | 民法第643条 | Hanko AI | Hanko AI 判断